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  • Recent

Rama de prevenc​iÓn de sustancias y adicciones

​fentanilo

  • Overdose Home
  • +About OPI
    • California's Approach to the Overdose Epidemic
  • +Substance Basics
    • Fentanyl
    • Fentanilo (en español)
    • Opioids
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  • SAPB Home
    Conclusiones principales
  • Una cantidad muy pequeña de fentanilo puede causar una sobredosis mortal.
  • El fentanilo suele mezclarse con otras drogas en el mercado ilícito de sustancias.
  • Las tiras reactivas de fentanilo pueden mostrar si una droga contiene fentanilo.
  • La naloxona puede revertir una sobredosis. 

¿Qué es el fentanilo? ​

El fentanilo es un opioide sintético que es hasta 50 veces más fuerte que la heroína y 100 veces más fuerte que la morfina. El fentanilo ilícito se vende solo o agregado a otras drogas (como heroína, metanfetamina, pastillas falsificadas o cocaína, entre otras) para hacerlas más baratas y potentes. Cuando se mezcla con otras drogas, el fentanilo no se puede ver, oler ni saborear; por lo tanto, se requieren equipos de detección de drogas (como las tiras reactivas de fentanilo) para detectar la presencia de fentanilo. 

Una cantidad fatal de fentanilo junto a una moneda de un centavo

Título de la imagen: Una cantidad fatal de fentanilo al lado de un centavo. Fuente de imagen: DEA



El fentanilo es uno de los principales contribuyentes a las sobredosis mortales en California y de los Estados Unidos. En 2022, el 59% (casi 6,500) de las muertes por sobredosis relacionadas con drogas en California incluyeron fentanilo.

Existen dos tipos de fentanilo: el fentanilo farmacéutico y el fentanilo fabricado ilícitamente* (fentanilo ilícito). Los médicos recetan fentanilo farmacéutico para tratar el dolor grave. El fentanilo ilícito se distribuye a través de los mercados de drogas ilegales y suele mezclarse con otras sustancias. El fentanilo se puede encontrar en forma de pastilla, polvo o líquido. El fentanilo de colores brillantes, conocido como “arcoíris,” puede presentarse en forma de pastilla, polvo y bloques que parecen tiza o caramelos. El fentanilo arcoíris, como todas las otras formas de fentanilo, es extremadamente potente y peligroso. Consulte la Alerta del CDOH sobre el fentanilo arcoíris. 

*Una droga ilícita es una sustancia ilegal (p. ej., heroína, cocaína, etc.) o una pastilla que no se obtiene en una farmacia o a través de un médico (p. ej., opioides falsificados, Xanax falsificado, Adderall falsificado, etc.).

Fentanilo en tres formas diferentes, incluidas pastillas, polvo y líquido 
Título de la imagen: Fentanilo en forma de pastilla, polvo y líquido.


Cómo salvar una vida: la naloxona

La naloxona es un medicamento que salva vidas, ya que es capaz de revertir una sobre​dosis de opioides. La naloxona viene en forma de aerosol nasal fácil de usar y se puede comprar en farmacias en línea y en persona o conseguir de forma gratuita en una organización comunitaria (encuentre una cerca de usted usando el mapa de búsqueda de naloxona gratuita). Es un antagonista de opioides, por lo que es seguro administrarla incluso si la persona no está experimentando una sobredosis de opioides. Si alguien sigue inconsciente después de administrar naloxona, espere entre 2 y 3 minutos antes de administrar otra dosis (una envase de naloxona es una dosis única). 

Tiras reactivas de fentanilo

Las tiras reactivas de fentanilo (FTS) detectan la presencia de fentanilo en las drogas. Son una herramienta útil para prevenir una sobredosis, ya que el fentanilo no se puede ver, oler ni saborear cuando se mezcla con otra droga. Los FTS son precisos y confiables, económicos ($1 cada uno), generalmente brindan resultados en menos de 5 minutos y pueden marcar la diferencia entre la vida o la muerte.** Al analizar una sustancia, asegúrese de mezclar bien la droga antes de hacer la prueba para evitar el “efecto galleta con chispas de chocolate.” 

Ejemplo visual del "efecto galleta con chispas de chocolate" al analizar una droga en busca de fentanilo

 Título de la imagen: Ejemplo visual del “efecto galleta con chispas de chocolate” al analizar una droga en busca de fentanilo. Fuente de imagen: CDC

**Incluso si la prueba es negativo, se debe tener precaución, ya que (a) pueden ocurrir falsos positivos si las altas concentraciones de ciertos medicamentos no opioides no se diluyen adecuadamente, (b) es posible que las tiras reactivas no detecten otros fármacos similares al fentanilo, como el carfentanilo, y (c) la porción de droga analizada no contenga la misma concentración de fentanilo que el resto de la muestra.

Los proveedores de FTS incluyen:

  • BTNX
  • Dance Safe
  • Club de Compradores North A​merica Syringe Exchange Network (NASEN)

Se ofrecen FTS gratuitas o de bajo costo en los programas de servicios de jeringas (SSP) de California a través del Banco de Suministros para la Reducción de Daños en California.

Más información sobre las FTS:

  • Pruebas de detección de fentanilo para prevenir sobredosis (PDF)
  • Preguntas frecuentes sobre el fentanilo y las tiras reactivas de fentanilo (PDF)

¿Qué está haciendo el CDPH?

La División de Prevención del Uso de Sustancias y las Adicciones (SAPB) del CDPH trabaja con muchos socios en todo el estado para monitorear y abordar las tendencias a nivel estatal y local. CDPH trabaja cercanamente con departamentos de salud locales y socios multisectoriales para apoyar los esfuerzos locales de prevención e intervención que abordan las tendencias y necesidades específicas y únicas de las comunidades de California.

SAPB también vigila las tendencias de sobredosis fatales y no fatales relacionadas con drogas a lo largo del tiempo en California por sexo, edad, raza/etnicidad y el tipo de droga. Estas tendencias también se pueden consultar por condado y código postal en el Tablero de vigilancia de sobredosis de California.

En agosto de 2024, SAPB lanzó una campaña estatal de educación pública llamada Datos contra el fentanilo para generar conciencia sobre la naloxona, que salva vidas, y la prevalencia y los peligros del fentanilo. SAPB también ofrece otras herramientas y recursos que las organizaciones pueden usar para crear conciencia sobre los peligros del fentanilo y las estrategias de prevención de sobredosis dentro sus redes:

  • Kit de herramientas: Datos contra el fentanilo
  • Kit de herramientas de prevención de sobredosis de fentanilo y opioides

La Oficina de SIDA (OA) del CDPH financia programas de reducción de daños en todo el estado que ofrecen servicios de jeringas, naloxona, FTS y otros suministros y servicios para apoyar la salud de las personas que consumen drogas. La Unidad de Reducción de Daños de OA también brinda asistencia técnica a las jurisdicciones de salud locales y a otros socios locales para agregar servicios de reducción de daños a los departamentos de salud, clínicas, hospitales y organizaciones comunitarias.

Publicaciones

  • Respondiendo a una sobredosis de fentanilo: lo que los primeros respondedores de California deben saber (PDF)

Fuentes

  • CDC: Datos sobre el fentanilo 
  • Coalición Nacional de Reducción de Daños: Fentanilo
  • Tablero de vigilancia de sobredosis de California
  • Programas de servicios de jeringas en California

Si tiene preguntas, comunícate con nosotros a opi@cdph.ca.gov.  

​

Page Last Updated : May 23, 2025
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