Skip Navigation LinksPrimary-Prevention

Top Menu
Left Menu

Comprehensive cancer control program (CCCP)​

Doctor holding patient hand

Back to Comprehensive Cancer Control Plan ​

​
​​

Chapter 4: Primary Prevention

Primary Prevention: Preventing Cancer Before It Starts

Primary prevention reduces cancer risk by minimizing harmful exposures and decreasing unhealthy behaviors before cancer develops. These include limiting tobacco use, promoting daily healthy food choices and regular exercise, expanding access to cancer-preventing vaccines and obesity treatment medications, limiting harmful sun exposure, reducing alcohol intake, and minimizing exposure to environmental toxins through equitable policy, systems, and environmental approaches.

  • Tobacco: Making commercial tobacco use less desirable, acceptable, and accessible, especially among youth and underserved groups, helps prevent cancer and decreases health disparities. Targeted health campaigns, equitable tobacco prevention policies, and cessation programs reduce cancer risk from tobacco use.
  • Nutrition and Physical Activity: Promoting regular physical activity and daily healthy food choices lowers the risk of related cancers and improves immune system functioning. Supportive environments that prioritize regular physical activity and daily healthy food choices, and access to obesity treatment options are important.
  • Vaccines: Increasing Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B vaccinations by raising awareness, increasing access, and ensuring healthcare providers recommend them, protects against cancers caused by these viruses.
  • Sun Safety: Preventing skin cancer means reducing ultraviolet exposure. Public education, sunscreen access, and discouraging indoor tanning help achieve this goal.
  • Environmental Toxins: Limiting environmental exposure to cancer-causing substances through awareness and environmental policy change is essential, especially for vulnerable communities.
  • Alcohol: Reducing alcohol use lowers the risk of several cancers. Education, screening, community support and policies help lower alcohol consumption and prevent alcohol-related cancers.
​By taking action on these fronts, California can reduce cancer risk and create healthier communities.

Previous Page: Chapter 3: Childhood Cancer | Next Page: Chapter 4: Priority 1: Tobacco​

​
​​

References:

  1. Ackermann, D. M., Bracken, K., Janda, M., Turner, R. M., Hersch, J. K., Drabarek, D., & Bell, K. J. L. (2023). Strategies to improve adherence to skin self-examination and other self-management practices in people at high risk of melanoma. JAMA Dermatology, 159(4), 432-440. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2022.6478
  2. Agbai, O. N., Buster, K., Sanchez, M., Hernandez, C., Kundu, R. V., Chiu, M., Roberts, W. E., Draelos, Z. D., Bhushan, R., Taylor, S. C., & Lim, H. W. (2024). Skin cancer and photoprotection in people of color: A review and recommendations for physicians and the public. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 70(4), 748-762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2013.11.038
  3. American Academy of Pediatrics. (2014, May 9). Physical Activity = Better Health. HealthyChildren. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/healthy-living/fitness/Pages/Physical-Activity-Better-Health.aspx
  4. Bohm, M. K. & Esser, M. B. (2023). Associations between parental drinking and alcohol use among their adolescent children: Findings from a national survey of U.S. parent-child dyads. Journal of Adolescent Health, 73(5), 961-964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.05.028
  5. California Department of Public Health, California Tobacco Prevention Program. (August 2025). California Tobacco Facts and Figures 2025. https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/DCDIC/CTCB/CDPH%20Document%20Library/ResearchandEvaluation/FactsandFigures/CaliforniaTobaccoFactsAndFigures_2025.pdf
  1. California Department of Public Health, California Tobacco Prevention Program. (n.d.) Who we are. UNDO. https://www.undo.org/about-us
  2. California Department of Public Health, California Tobacco Prevention Program. (n.d.). Policy evaluation tracking system. https://pets.tcspartners.org/
  3. California Department of Public Health. (2025, May 12). California tobacco prevention program. https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/DCDIC/CTCB/
  1. California Department of Public Health. (2025, May 19). California Immunization Registry. https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/CAIR/pages/cair-updates.aspx
  2. Campanale, C., Massarelli, C., Savino, I., Locaputo, V., & Uricchio, V. F. (2020). A detailed review study on potential effects of microplastics and additives of concern on human health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4), 1212. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041212
  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, April 3). Health benefits of physical activity for children. https://www.cdc.gov/physical-activity-basics/health-benefits/children.html
  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, December 12). Preventing excessive alcohol use with proven strategies. https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/prevention/proven-strategies.html?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/fact-sheets/prevention.htm
  5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, January 8). Child activity: An overview. https://www.cdc.gov/physical-activity-basics/guidelines/children.html?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/children/
  6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, July 25). Preventing underage drinking with community strategies. https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/underage-drinking/community-strategies.html
  7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, May 15). Best practices for comprehensive tobacco control programs—2014. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/php/state-and-community-work/guides-for-states.html
  8. Chartres, N., Cooper, C. B., Bland, G., Pelch, K. E., Gandhi, S. A., BakenRa, A., & Woodruff, T. J. (2024). Effects of microplastic exposure on human digestive, reproductive, and respiratory health: A rapid systematic review. Environmental Science & Technology, 58(52), 22843-22864. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c09524
  9. Curry, S. J., Krist, A. H., Owens, D. K., Barry, M. J., Caughey, A. B., Davidson, K. W., Doubeni, C. A., Epling, J. W., Kemper, A. R., Kubik, M., Landefeld, C. S., Mangione, C. M., Silverstein, M., Simon, M. A., Tseng, C., & Wong, J. B. (2018). Screening and behavioral counseling interventions to reduce unhealthy alcohol use in adolescents and adults. JAMA, 320(18), 1899-1909. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.16789
  10. Deng, X., Gui, Y., & Zhao, L. The micro(nano)plastics perspective: Exploring cancer development and therapy. Molecular Cancer, 24(30). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-025-02230-z
  11. Donoghue, K., Patton, R., Phillips, T., Deluca, P., & Drummond, C. (2014). The effectiveness of electronic screening and brief intervention for reducing levels of alcohol consumption: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16(6), e142. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.3193
  12. Elad, V. M., Anton, T., Ganios, N. C., & Rebecca, V. W. (2023). Undereducation is a foot: Assessing the lack of acral lentiginous melanoma educational materials for skin of color. Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research, 36(5), 431-438. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcmr.13090
  13. Esser, M. B., Sherk, A., Liu, Y., Henley, S. J., & Naimi, T. S. (2024). Reducing alcohol use to prevent cancer deaths: Estimated effects among U.S. adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 66(4), 725-729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2023.12.003
  14. Faury, S. Aurouet, P., Quintard, B., & Foucaud, J. A systematic review on reporting of methods in national surveys about adults' attitudes to lifestyle and environmental risk factors for cancer. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(9), 5755. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20095755
  15. Fiore, M.C., Jaén, C., & Baker, T. (2008). Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update: Clinical practice guideline. National Institute of Health. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK63952/
  16. Friedman, A. (2024, January 17). Hundreds of chemicals in everyday consumer products may increase breast cancer risk. Environmental Working Group. https://www.ewg.org/news-insights/news/2024/01/hundreds-chemicals-everyday-consumer-products-may-increase-breast-cancer
  17. Gorell, E., Lee, C., Muñoz, C., & Chang, A. L. S. (2009). Adoption of Western culture by Californian Asian Americans: Attitudes and practices promoting sun exposure. Archives of Dermatology, 145(5), 552-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2009.39
  18. GovInfo. (2024, December 9). Federal Register Volume 89, Issue 236. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/FR-2024-12-09/2024-25382/summary
  19. Hamra, G. B., Guha, N., Cohen, A., Laden, F., Raaschou-Nielsen, O., Samet, J. M., Vineis, P., Forastiere, F., Saldiva, P., Yorifuji, T., & Loomis, D. (2014). Outdoor particulate matter exposure and lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 122(9), 906-11. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp/1408092
  20. Henrikson, N. B., Ivlev, I., Blasi, P. R., Nguyen, M. B., Senger, C. A., Perdue, L. A., & Lin, J. S. (2023). Screening for skin cancer: An evidence update for the U.S. preventative services task force. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 22-05297-EF-1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37184188/
  21. HPV IQ. (n.d.). The announcement approach training. https://www.hpviq.org/train/the-announcement-approach-training
  22. Knox, K. E., Schwarzman, M. R., Rudel, R. A., Polsky, C., & Dodson, R. E. (2024). Trends in NHANES biomonitored exposures in California and the United States following enactment of California's Proposition 65. Environmental Health Perspectives, 132(10), 107007. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp13956
  23. Kripke, M., Brody, J. G. Hawk, E., Hernandez, A. B., Hoppin, P. J., Jacobs, M. M., Rudel, R. A., & Rebbeck, T. R. (2020). Rethinking environmental carcinogens. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 29(10), 1870-1875. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-20-0541
  24. Krowech, G., Hoover, S., Plummer, L., Sandy, M., Zeise, L., & Solomon, G. (2016). Identifying chemical groups for biomonitoring. Environmental Health Perspectives, 124(12), A219-A226. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp537
  25. Li, J., Deng, Z., Soerensen, S. J. C., Kachuri, L., Cardenas, A., Graff, R. E., Leppert, J. T., Langston, M. E., & Chung, B. I. (2024). Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. Nature Communications, 15(1), 5116. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48857-2
  26. Maguire, F. B., Movsisyan, A. S., Morris, C. R., Parikh-Patel, A., Keegan, T. H., & Tong, E. K. (2022). Evaluation of cancer deaths attributable to tobacco in California, 2014-2019. JAMA Network Open, 5(12). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.46651
  27. Mangione, C. M., Barry, M. J., Nicholson, W. K., Chelmow, D., Coker, T. R., Davis, E. M., Donahue, K. E., Jaén, C. R., Kubik, M., Li, L., Ogedegbe, G., Rao, G., Ruiz, J. M., Stevermer, J., Tsevat, J., Underwood, S. M., & Wong, J. B. (2023). Screening for skin cancer: US preventative services task force recommendation statement. JAMA, 329(15), 1290-1295. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.4342
  28. Milam, A. J., Johnson, S. L. Furr-Holden, C. D. M., & Bradshaw, C. P. (2016). Alcohol outlets and substance use among high schoolers. Journal of Community Psychology, 44(7), 819-832. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21802
  29. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2018). Public health consequences of e-cigarettes. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/24952
  30. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. (n.d.). NCCN guidelines for smoking cessation. https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/guidelines-detail?category=3&id=1463
  31. National Institute of Health. (2018). Standardized scoring system to assess adherence to WCRF/AICR cancer prevention recommendations. https://epi.grants.cancer.gov/wcrf-aicr-score/
  32. National Native Network. (n.d.). Traditional vs. commercial tobacco. https://keepitsacred.itcmi.org/tobacco%20and%20tradition/traditional%20v%20commercial/
  33. Ohayon, J. L., Polsky, C., & Schwarzman, M. R. (2025). How a right-to-know law shifts industry away from chemicals of concern: The case of California's Proposition 65. Environmental Science & Technology, 59(7). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c07495
  34. Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Curtin, L. R., McDowell, M. A., Tabak, C. J., & Flegal, K. M. (2006). Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999-2004. JAMA, 295(13), 1549-1555. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.295.13.1549
  35. Olson, R. D., Piercy, K. L., Troiano, R. P., Ballard, R. M., Fulton, J. E., Galuska, J. E., Pfohl, S. Y., Vaux-Bjerke, A., Quam, J. B., George, S. M., Sprow, K., Carlson, S. A., Hyde, E. T., & Olscamp, K. (2018). Physical activity guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition. Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. https://odphp.health.gov/sites/default/files/2019-​09/Physical_Activity_Guidelines_2nd_edition.pdf
  36. Perez, M., Abisaad, J. A., Rojas, K. D., Marchetti, M. A., & Jaimes, N. (2022). Skin cancer: Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention: Part 1. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 87(2), 255-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2021.12.066
  37. Pichardo, M. S., Esserman, D., Ferrucci, L. M., Molina, Y., Chlebowski, R. T., Pan, K., Garcia, D. O., Lane, D. S., Shadyab, A. H., Lopez‐Pentecost, M., Luo, J., Kato, I., Springfield, S., Rosal, M. C., Bea, J. W., Feliciano, E. M. C., Qi, L., Nassir, R., Snetselaar, L., . . . Irwin, M. L. (2022). Adherence to the American Cancer Society Guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention and obesity‐related cancer risk and mortality in Black and Latina women's health initiative participants. Cancer, 128(20), 3630–3640. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.34428
  38. Raheja, G., Harper, L., Hoffman, A., Gorby, Y., Freese, L., O'Leary, B., Deron, N., Smith, S., Auch, T., Goodwin, M., & Westervelt, D. M. (2022). Community-based participatory research for low-cost air pollution monitoring in the wake of unconventional oil and gas development in the Ohio River Valley: Empowering impacted residents through community science. Environmental Research Letters, 17(6), 065006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac6ad6
  1. Rayasam, S. D. G., Koman, P. D., Axelrad, D. A., Woodruff, T. J., & Chartres, N. (2022). Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) implementation: How the amended law has failed to protect vulnerable populations from toxic chemicals in the United States. Environmental Science & Technology, 56(17), 11969-11982. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c02079
  2. Rock, C. L., Thomson, C., Gansler, T., Gapstur, S. M., McCullough, M. L., Patel, A. V., Andrews, K. S., Bandera, E. V., Spees, C. K., Robien, K., Hartman, S., Sullivan, K., Grant, B. L., Hamilton, K. K., Kushi, L. H., Caan, B. J., Kibbe, D., Black, J. D., Wiedt, T. L., . . . Doyle, C. (2020). American Cancer Society guideline for diet and physical activity for cancer prevention. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 70(4), 245–271. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21591
  3. Rojas, K. D., Perez, M. E., Marchetti, M. A., Nichols, A. J., Penedo, F. J., & Jaimes, N.. (2022). Skin cancer: Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention: Part II. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 87(2), 271-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2022.01.053
  4. SB-793 flavored tobacco products. (2020, August 28). California Legislative Information. Retrieved July 2, 2025, from https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB793
  5. Shot by Shot. (n.d.). Stories of preventable vaccines. https://www.shotbyshot.org/
  6. Slavinsky, V., Helmy, J., Vroman, J., & Valdebran, M. (2024). Solar ultraviolet radiation exposure in workers with outdoor occupations: A systematic review and call to action. International Journal of Dermatology, 63(3), 288-297. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.16877
  7. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2025, February 13). National Substance Use and Mental Health Services Survey (N-SUMHSS). https://www.samhsa.gov/data/data-we-collect/n-sumhss-national-substance-use-and-mental-health-services-survey
  8. The Community Guide. (2025, January 2). Excessive alcohol consumption. https://www.thecommunityguide.org/topics/excessive-alcohol-consumption.html
  9. Tobacco Education Research Oversight Committee. (2025, February 10). Achieving health equity: Standing together against commercial tobacco & nicotine, 2025-2026. California Department of Public Health. https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/DCDIC/CTCB/Pages/TEROCPlan2025.aspx
  10. U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2020). Dietary Guidelines for Americans. https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/sites/default/files/2021-03/Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans-2020-2025.pdf
  11. U.S. Surgeon General. (2025). Alcohol and cancer risk. https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/oash-alcohol-cancer-risk.pdf
  12. UCLA Center for Health Policy Research. (n.d.). California Health Interview Survey. https://healthpolicy.ucla.edu/our-work/california-health-interview-survey-chis
  13. US Preventive Services Task Force. (2018). Behavioral counseling to prevent skin cancer. JAMA, 319(11), 1134-1142. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.1623
  14. Wang, Y., Zhao, Y., & Ma, S. (2016). Racial differences in six major subtypes of melanoma: Descriptive epidemiology. BMC Cancer, 16(1), 691. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-016-2747-6
  15. World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. (2013, January 1). Guidelines for implementation of article. https://fctc.who.int/news-and-resources/publications/m/item/guidelines-for-implementation-of-article-14
  16. World Health Organization. (2019, August 28). Microplastics in drinking-water. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241516198
  17. World Health Organization. (2024, November 4). Safety evaluation of certain food additives: Prepared by the ninety-ninth meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives (JECFA). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240100978
  18. Wu, H., Eckhardt, C. M., & Baccarelli, A. A. Molecular mechanisms of environmental exposures and human disease. Nature Reviews Genetics, 24(5), 332-344. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-022-00569-3
  19. Wu, X. C., Eide, M. J., King, J., Saraiya, M., Huang, Y., Wiggins, C., Barnholtz-Sloan, J. S., Martin, N., Cokkinides, V., Miller, J., Patel, P., Ekwueme, D. U., & Kim, J. (2006). Racial and ethnic variations in incidence and survival of cutaneous melanoma in the United States, 1999-2006. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 65(5), S26-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2011.05.034
  20. Xie, P. P., Zong, Z. Q., Qiao, J. C., Li, Z. Y., & Hu, C. Y. (2024). Exposure to pesticides and risk of colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environmental Pollution, 15(345), 123530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123530

Resources:

  1. American Academy of Dermatology Association, "Finding skin cancer in darker skin tones" -https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/skin-cancer/find/skin-of-color
  2. American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics - https://www.eatright.org/
  3. American Academy of Pediatrics - https://www.aap.org/
  4. American Cancer Society - https://www.cancer.org/
  5. American Cancer Society (ACS), "Be Safe in the Sun" - https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/sun-and-uv.html
  6. American College of Sports Medicine - https://www.acsm.org/
  7. American Diabetes Association - https://diabetes.org/
  8. American Heart Association - https://www.heart.org/
  9. Anticancer Lifestyle Program, "How To Create a Healthy, Nontoxic Home" - https://anticancerlifestyle.org/environment/
  10. Assembly Bill No. 1797, "Immunization registry" - https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB1797
  11. Assembly Bill No. 2697, "Medi-Cal: Community Health Worker Services" - https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB2697
  12. Assembly Bill No. 659, "Cancer Prevention Act. Chapter 809" - https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB659
  13. Biomonitoring California - https://biomonitoring.ca.gov/
  14. CalEnviroScreen 4.0 - https://oehha.ca.gov/calenviroscreen/report/calenviroscreen-40
  15. California Biosolids - https://www.biosolidsdata.org/california
  16. California Department of Conservation online Indoor Radon Potential Map - https://maps.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/radon/
  17. California Department of Public Health, "Achieving Health Equity - Standing Together Against Commercial Tobacco & Nicotine, 2025–2 026" - https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/DCDIC/CTCB/Pages/TEROCPlan2025.aspx
  18. California Department of Public Health, Alcohol Harms Prevention Initiative (AHPI) - https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/sapb/Pages/AHPI-Landing-Page.aspx
  19. California Department of Public Health, California Tobacco Control Program - https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/DCDIC/CTCB/Pages/CaliforniaTobaccoControlBranch.aspx
  20. California Department of Public Health, California Tobacco Prevention Program - Policy Evaluation Tracking System - https://pets.tcspartners.org/
  21. California Department of Public Health, Vaccines for Children, myCAvax - https://mycavax.cdph.ca.gov/s/vaccines-for-children
  22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), "ACIP Recommendations: Hepatitis B Vaccine" - https://www.cdc.gov/acip-recs/hcp/vaccine-specific/hepatitis-b.html
  23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), "Alcohol Use" - https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/index.html
  24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), "Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs—2014" - https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/php/state-and-community-work/guides-for-states.html
  25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), "CDC Stacks Public Health Publications" - https://stacks.cdc.gov/?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecommunityguide.org%2F404.html
  26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), "Skin Cancer Prevention Behaviors Among Agricultural and Construction Workers in the United States, 2015" - https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2019/18_0446.htm
  27. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), "Skin Cancer Resources" - https://www.cdc.gov/skin-cancer/
  28. "Challenges and Controversy in Determining UV Exposure as a Risk Factor for Cutaneous Melanoma in Skin of Color" - https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/2774110#google_vignette
  29. Enterprise, Green Communities Criteria and Certification - https://www.greencommunitiesonline.org/materials
  30. "Evaluation of Cancer Deaths Attributable to Tobacco in California, 2014-2019" - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.46651
  31. First Five California - https://www.first5california.com/en-us/
  32. Gov Infor: 89 FR 97710, "Medicare and Medicaid Programs; CY 2025 Payment Policies Under the Physician Fee Schedule and Other Changes to Part B Payment and Coverage Policies; Medicare Shared Savings Program Requirements; Medicare Prescription Drug Inflation Rebate Program; and Medicare Overpayments" - https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/FR-2024-12-09/2024-25382/summary
  33. HPV IQ - https://www.hpviq.org/train/the-announcement-approach-training
  34. Iowa Cancer Consortium: Iowa Cancer Plan, Prevention and Risk Reduction Chapter - https://canceriowa.org/cancer-plan/introduction/#chapter-2_priority-8
  35. Keep It Sacred National Native Network, "Traditional vs. Commercial Tobacco" - https://keepitsacred.itcmi.org/tobacco%20and%20tradition/traditional%20v%20commercial/
  36. LEED rating system - https://www.usgbc.org/leed
  37. Living Future: About the Red List - https://living-future.org/red-list/
  38. Melanoma Research Foundation - https://melanoma.org/
  39. Microplastics and Cancer, "Your Questions Answered" - https://blog.dana-farber.org/insight/2025/03/microplastics-and-cancer-what-you-need-to-know/
  40. Minnesota Department of Health, "PFAs and Home Treatment of Water" - https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/environment/hazardous/topics/pfashometreat.html#:~:text=If%20you%20have%20concerns%20about,regular%20maintenance%20to%20work%20properly
  41. Mired in silence, "Southern California's farmworkers lack health resources, study says" - https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/mired-silence-southern-californias-farmworkers-lack-health-resources-study-says
  42. Montana State University, "A General Essay on Bioremediation Contaminated Soil" - https://waterquality.montana.edu/energy/cbm/lit-reviews/bioremed-soil.html
  43. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, "Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes" - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24952/public-health-consequences-of-e-cigarettes
  44. National Cancer Institute, Research-Tested Intervention Programs (RTIPs), "Pool Cool" - https://ebccp.cancercontrol.cancer.gov/programDetails.do?programId=288737
  45. National Cancer Institute, Research-Tested Intervention Programs (RTIPs), "Promoting Sun Safety Among Zoo Visitors" - https://ebccp.cancercontrol.cancer.gov/programDetails.do?programId=560302
  46. National Cancer Institute, Research-Tested Intervention Programs (RTIPs), "Sun Safety Evidence-Based Programs Listing" - https://ebccp.cancercontrol.cancer.gov/rtips_search.do?topicid=3&cg=40&choice=cguide%20
  1. National Cancer Institute, Research-Tested Intervention Programs (RTIPs), "SunSafe in the Middle School Years" - https://ebccp.cancercontrol.cancer.gov/programDetails.do?programId=298179
  2. National Comprehensive Cancer Network Guidelines - https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/guidelines-detail?category=3&id=1463
  3. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, "Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)" - https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/pfc
  4. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences: Brochures and Fact Sheets - https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/materials
  5. National Institutes of Health (NIH), "Sun-protective behaviors of California farm workers" - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16340705/
  6. National Institutes of Health (NIH), "The Intersection of Workplace and Environmental Exposure on Health in Latinx Farm Working Communities in Rural Inland Southern California" - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566176/#B7-ijerph-19-12940
  7. National Institutes of Health (NIH), "Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update" - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK63952/
  8. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism - https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/health-professionals-communities/core-resource-on-alcohol/screen-and-assess-use-quick-effective-methods
  9. National Public RAdio (NPR), "Will Your Melanin Protect You from The Sun?" - https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2018/07/05/559883985/will-your-melanin-protect-you-from-the-sun
  10. Nevada Cancer Coalition, Nevada Cancer Plan 2021-2025 - https://dpbh.nv.gov/uploadedFiles/dpbh.nv.gov/content/Programs/CCCP/dta/Publications/Nevada%20Cancer%20Plan%202021-2025.pdf
  11. Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion: Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans - https://odphp.health.gov/sites/default/files/2019-09/Physical_Activity_Guidelines_2nd_edition.pd
  12. Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, "Toxic Matters - New and Improved!" - https://prhe.ucsf.edu/toxic-matters
  13. Public Health Alliance of Southern California, "Healthy Places Index" - https://www.healthyplacesindex.org/
  14. Science Direct, "Soil Bioremediation" - https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/soil-bioremediation
  15. Scripps, "The Surprising Health Benefits of Blue Spaces" - https://www.scripps.org/news_items/7657-the-surprising-health-benefits-of-blue-spaces
  16. Senate Bill 746, "Tanning Facilities" - http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/11-12/bill/sen/sb_0701-0750/sb_746_cfa_20110627_113343_asm_comm.html
  17. Senate Bill No. 793, "Flavored tobacco products" - https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB793
  18. "Strategic Action Plan for Cervical Cancer Elimination as a Public Health Problem in the State of Alabama: 2023–2033" - https://togetherforhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/AL-Cervical-Cancer-Action-Plan-Web.pdf
  19. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), "National Substance Use and Mental Health Services Survey (N-SUMHSS)" - https://www.samhsa.gov/data/data-we-collect/n-sumhss-national-substance-use-and-mental-health-services-survey
  20. The Community Guide, "Skin Cancer - Primary and Middle School-Based Interventions" - https://www.thecommunityguide.org/findings/skin-cancer-primary-and-middle-school-based-interventions.html
  21. Toxic Free Future, "Tips for healthier and less toxic living" - https://toxicfreefuture.org/healthy-choices/
  22. Tracking California, "Mobilizing data to improve public health" - https://trackingcalifornia.org/#gsc.tab=0
  23. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), "Nutrition.gov" - https://www.nutrition.gov/
  24. UCLA Center for Health Policy Research, "California Health Interview Survey" - https://healthpolicy.ucla.edu/our-work/california-health-interview-survey-chis
  25. UNDO, Who We Are, California Tobacco Prevention Program - https://www.undo.org/about-us
  26. United State Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), "ChemSTEER-Chemical Screening Tool for Exposures and Environmental Releases" - https://www.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools/chemsteer-chemical-screening-tool-exposures-and-environmental-releases
  27. United State Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), "Search Safer Choice Products" - https://www.epa.gov/saferchoice/products
  28. United State Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), "Volatile Organic Compounds" - https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/what-are-volatile-organic-compounds-vocs#:~:text=Volatile%20organic%20compounds%20(VOCs)%20are,ten%20times%20higher)%20than%20outdoors
  29. United States Department of Agriculture, "Dietary Guidelines for Americans" - https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/
  30. Wisconsin Cancer Collaborative, "Wisconsin Cancer Plan 2020-2030: Risk Reduction Chapter" - https://wicancer.org/cancer-plan/interactive/#chapter-2_priority-5
  31. Wisconsin Dept of Health Services, "Chemicals - Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) Substances" - https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/chemical/pfas.htm
  32. Women's Voices for the Earth, "10 Steps to Avoid Toxic Chemicals" - https://womensvoices.org/avoid-toxic-chemicals/ten-ways-to-avoid-toxic-chemicals/
  33. Women's Voices for the Earth, "DIY Green Cleaning Recipes" - https://womensvoices.org/avoid-toxic-chemicals/diy-recipes/
  34. World Cancer Research Fund - https://www.wcrf.org/
  35. World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, Guidelines for implementation of Article 14 - https://fctc.who.int/resources/publications/m/item/guidelines-for-implementation-of-article-14
  36. World Health Organization (WHO), "Dietary and inhalation exposure to nano- and microplastic particles and potential implications for human health" - https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240054608
Page Last Updated :